What is the initial form of a word? What is the form of a word: definition, common mistakes Russian language what is the initial form

In order for phrases and sentences in the Russian language to be coherent and understandable, significant words for the most part have different grammatical forms that allow them to be connected with each other. And all such significant words have a “starting point” - the initial form of the word, and each part of speech has its own grammatical indicators. To put a word in this form means to learn a lot about it, such as how it is spelled or what it means.

What is the initial form and how to put a word in it?

Most often, a word must be put in its initial form in order to make it easier to find it in a dictionary - spelling, explanatory, etymological, etc. Since unchangeable words, including auxiliary parts of speech, do not change in any way, they do not have an initial forms.

In the Russian language there are words that do not have an initial form, for example, the verbs nummets and oppresses are not used in the infinitive.

So, in order to find out the initial form of a noun, you need to reduce it to the form “singular, nominative case” (except for cases when it is used only in the plural).

For pronouns, the initial form depends on which category they belong to. So, for personal ones it is the same as for nouns, and for possessive ones the indicators coincide with adjectives.

For numerals, the initial form is the nominative case, and for those that change by gender and number - the corresponding forms, that is, the singular number, the masculine gender.

Verb initial form

It is also important to answer the question, what is the initial form of the verb, that is, the infinitive. This is a verb with an indefinite form that answers the question what to do or what to do?

It is devoid of mood, gender, number, tense and person, that is, it is, as they say, a verb in its pure form, which has the most complete lexical information and at the same time is minimalistic from a grammatical point of view.

A study was conducted to look at the frequency of use of infinitives in a text compared to the use of verbs in general. And it was found that although verbs were used the least in business speech, the indefinite form predominated among them. In the scientific style, which is abstract in nature, the infinitive is also often used, but in the artistic style it is not so popular.

What have we learned?

Those words in the Russian language that can take different grammatical forms, that is, changeable, also have an initial form. It is needed in order to obtain general information about the word and find it in the dictionary. Each part of speech has its own initial form, which depends on what changing grammatical features it has. A special case is the verb. Its initial form is the infinitive, that is, the most impersonal verbal form, devoid of grammatical features. Moreover, among verbs, words without an initial form are most often found.

what is the initial form and got the best answer

Answer from Les[guru]
What is the initial form?
Morphology deals with the form of a word. Variable words have forms. One of the forms is usually called initial. The initial form is the form in which the word is given in dictionaries.
For nouns, the initial form is the singular form. h., I. p., for example: school, class, night.
For adjectives - units. h., m.r. , for example: blue, winter, fox.
For numerals the initial form is:
for quantitative - I. p., for example: ten, one hundred,
for ordinal - units. h., m.r. , I. p., for example: second, hundredth. (some cardinal numbers in the initial form are in singular, i.p., m.r., for example: one.)
For pronouns, a definite answer cannot be given: it depends on the category in meaning and grammatical affiliation of the pronoun to one of three groups: noun pronouns, adjective pronouns and numeral pronouns.
For most noun pronouns this is the singular form. h., I.p., for example: who, he, something.
For adjective pronouns, this is the singular form. h., m.r. , I. p., for example: everyone, mine, which one.
For numeral pronouns, this is the form of the I. p., for example: how many, so much, how much. (Initial forms of personal pronouns: singular, i.p. - I, you, he, she, it;
pl. h., I.p. - we, you, they,
and the reflexive pronoun has R. p.: itself (the pronoun itself does not have I. p.).
For verbs*, the initial form is the indefinite form of the verb (=infinitive), for example: smile, think, play. (For participles, the initial form of the verb is determined differently.
This depends on the interpretation of the nature of the participle.
If participles are defined as a special form of the verb, then the initial form will be the indefinite form of the verb, for example: smile, build.
If participles are defined as an independent part of speech, then the initial form is considered to be the singular form. h., m.r. , I. p., for example: smiling, built.)
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Answer from Vika Anikina[newbie]

Answer from Edor Bulkin[newbie]
The initial form is for those parts of speech that change, that is, nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and verbs

Answer from Yatyana Nebogatikova[active]
Examples of the most persistent social stereotypes that influence a person’s perception of a person.

* women are the weaker sex;
* a woman's purpose is to be a mother and wife;
* women are stupider than men, or even “all women are fools”;
* a woman cannot be a leader;
* all women want one thing - to get married;
* an intelligent woman cannot be happy in her personal life;
* men - the stronger sex;
* men do not cry;
* men are smarter than women;
* all husbands cheat on their wives;
* men should lead;
* men have the right to things that women do not have the right to.

Age stereotypes:

* all children are pure in soul;
* all teenagers are “difficult”;
* young people suffer from frivolity (“young-green”);
* forty-year-old men are in crisis;
* older people are conservatives;
* old people are grumblers.

Ethnic stereotypes:

* Americans are ambitious;
* Balts are slow;
* the British are conservative;
* Japanese are hardworking;
* the French are loving;
* The Chinese are enterprising.

pursed lips - an angry person,
bespectacled - smart,
beautiful means good,
all persons of nationality X are swindlers and scoundrels

1. Independent parts of speech:

nouns (see morphological norms of nouns);
Verbs:
- participles;
- participles;
adjectives;
numerals;
pronouns;
adverbs;

2. Functional parts of speech:

prepositions;
unions;
particles;

3. Interjections.

The following do not fall into any of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language:

the words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.

Morphological analysis of a noun

initial form in the nominative case, singular (with the exception of nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
proper or common noun;
animate or inanimate;
gender (m,f, avg.);
number (singular, plural);
declination;
case;
syntactic role in a sentence.

Plan for morphological analysis of a noun

"The baby drinks milk."

Baby (answers the question who?) – noun;

initial form - baby;
constant morphological features: animate, common noun, concrete, masculine, 1st declension;
inconsistent morphological features: nominative case, singular;
when parsing a sentence, it plays the role of subject.

Morphological analysis of the word “milk” (answers the question of whom? What?).

initial form – milk;
constant morphological characteristics of the word: neuter, inanimate, real, common noun, II declension;
variable morphological features: accusative case, singular;
direct object in the sentence.

Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:

"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (example from: “Luzhin’s Defense”, Vladimir Nabokov)."

Ladies (who?) - noun;

initial form - queen;
constant morphological features: common noun, animate, concrete, feminine, first declension;
fickle morphological characteristics of the noun: singular, genitive case;
syntactic role: part of the subject.

Luzhin (to whom?) - noun;

initial form - Luzhin;
faithful morphological characteristics of the word: proper name, animate, concrete, masculine, mixed declension;
inconsistent morphological features of the noun: singular, dative case;

Palm (with what?) - noun;

initial shape - palm;
constant morphological features: feminine, inanimate, common noun, concrete, I declension;
inconsistent morpho. signs: singular, instrumental case;
syntactic role in context: addition.

Dust (what?) - noun;

initial form - dust;
main morphological features: common noun, material, feminine, singular, animate not characterized, III declension (noun with zero ending);
fickle morphological characteristics of the word: accusative case;
syntactic role: addition.

the initial form is a coat;
constant correct morphological characteristics of the word: inanimate, common noun, specific, neuter, indeclinable;
morphological features are inconsistent: the number cannot be determined from the context, genitive case;
syntactic role as a member of a sentence: addition.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

An adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers the questions Which? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the characteristics or qualities of an object. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:

initial form in the nominative case, singular, masculine;
constant morphological features of adjectives:
- rank according to the value:
- - - quality (warm, silent);
  - - relative (yesterday, reading);
  - - possessive (hare, mother);
- degree of comparison (for quality ones, for which this feature is constant);
- full/short form (for quality ones, for which this sign is constant);
inconsistent morphological features of the adjective:
- qualitative adjectives vary according to the degree of comparison (in comparative degrees the simple form, in superlative degrees - complex): beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful;
- full or short form (qualitative adjectives only);
- gender marker (singular only);
- number (agrees with the noun);
- case (agrees with the noun);
syntactic role in a sentence: an adjective can be a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Plan for morphological analysis of the adjective

Example sentence:

The full moon rose over the city.

Full (what?) – adjective;

initial form – full;
constant morphological features of the adjective: qualitative, full form;
inconsistent morphological characteristics: in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, feminine (consistent with the noun), nominative case;
according to syntactic analysis - a minor member of the sentence, serves as a definition.

Here is another whole literary passage and morphological analysis of the adjective, with examples:

The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, looking into your soul.

Beautiful (what?) - adjective;

initial form - beautiful (in this meaning);
constant morphological norms: qualitative, brief;
inconstant signs: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine;

Slender (what?) - adjective;

initial form - slender;
constant morphological characteristics: qualitative, complete;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the word: full, positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative case;
syntactic role in a sentence: part of the predicate.

Thin (what?) - adjective;

initial form - thin;
morphological constant characteristics: qualitative, complete;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the adjective: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative case;
syntactic role: part of the predicate.

Blue (what?) - adjective;

initial form - blue;
table of constant morphological features of the adjective name: qualitative;
inconsistent morphological characteristics: full, positive degree of comparison, plural, nominative case;
syntactic role: definition.

Amazing (what?) - adjective;

initial form - amazing;
constant characteristics of morphology: relative, expressive;
inconsistent morphological features: plural, genitive case;
syntactic role in a sentence: part of the circumstance.

Morphological features of the verb

According to the morphology of the Russian language, a verb is an independent part of speech. It can denote an action (to walk), a property (to limp), an attitude (to be equal), a state (to rejoice), a sign (to turn white, to show off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what did you do? or what will it do? Different groups of verbal word forms have heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.

Morphological forms of verbs:

the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. It is also called the indefinite or unchangeable form of the verb. There are no variable morphological features;
conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms;
inconjugated forms: participles and participles.

Morphological analysis of the verb

initial form - infinitive;
constant morphological features of the verb:
- transitivity:
- - transitive (used with accusative case nouns without a preposition);
  - intransitive (not used with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition);
- repayment:
- - returnable (there is -sya, -sya);
  - irrevocable (no -sya, -sya);
- - imperfect (what to do?);
  - perfect (what to do?);
- conjugation:
- - I conjugation (do-eat, do-eat, do-eat, do-eat, do-ut/ut);
  - II conjugation (sto-ish, sto-it, sto-im, sto-ite, sto-yat/at);
  - mixed verbs (want, run);
inconsistent morphological features of the verb:
- mood:
- - indicative: what did you do? What did you do? what is he doing? what will he do?;
  - conditional: what would you do? what would you do?;
  - imperative: do!;
- time (in the indicative mood: past/present/future);
- person (in the present/future tense, indicative and imperative: 1st person: I/we, 2nd person: you/you, 3rd person: he/they);
- gender (past tense, singular, indicative and conditional);
- number;
syntactic role in a sentence. The infinitive can be any part of the sentence:
- predicate: To be a holiday today;
- subject: Learning is always useful;
- addition: All the guests asked her to dance;
- definition: He had an irresistible desire to eat;
- circumstance: I went out for a walk.

Morphological analysis of verb example

To understand the scheme, let’s conduct a written analysis of the morphology of the verb using the example of a sentence:

God somehow sent a piece of cheese to the crow... (fable, I. Krylov)

Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech verb;

initial form - send;
constant morphological features: perfective aspect, transitional, 1st conjugation;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: indicative mood, past tense, masculine, singular;

The following online example of morphological analysis of a verb in a sentence:

What silence, listen.

Listen (what do you do?) - verb;

initial form - listen;
morphological constant features: perfective aspect, intransitive, reflexive, 1st conjugation;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the word: imperative mood, plural, 2nd person;
syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

Plan for morphological analysis of verbs online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:

He needs to be warned.

No need, let him know next time how to break the rules.

What are the rules?

Wait, I'll tell you later. Has entered! (“Golden Calf”, I. Ilf)

Caution (what to do?) - verb;

initial form - warn;
morphological features of the verb are constant: perfective, transitive, irrevocative, 1st conjugation;
inconsistent morphology of part of speech: infinitive;
syntactic function in a sentence: part of the predicate.

Let him know (what is he doing?) - verb part of speech;

initial form - know;
inconsistent verb morphology: imperative, singular, 3rd person;
syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;

initial form - violate;
constant morphological features: imperfect form, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
inconstant features of the verb: infinitive (initial form);
syntactic role in context: part of the predicate.

Wait (what will you do?) - part of speech verb;

initial form - wait;
constant morphological features: perfective aspect, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: imperative mood, plural, 2nd person;
syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

Entered (what did you do?) - verb;

initial form - enter;
constant morphological features: perfective aspect, irreversible, intransitive, 1st conjugation;
inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: past tense, indicative mood, singular, masculine;
syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.

The form of a word is the most important concept in the Russian language. It is used to judge the grammatical meaning, changeability or immutability of a lexical unit. Errors in the form of a word are not uncommon: someone confuses it with a word of the same root, someone does not know how the initial form is formed, and someone does not know how to change it.

Definition of the concept

Almost any part of speech is characterized by change. Thus, a verb has forms of tense, number or person; noun, adjective, pronoun change according to cases and numbers. All these meanings are contained in the word form. The desired form of the word is realized through the ending (inflection). Here one more concept should be introduced: a paradigm is a chain of word forms.

For example, when changing the verb decide according to times ( I decide - I decided - I will decide) endings change. The same thing happens when changing it by person: I decide - you decide - decides; and numbers: I decide - we decide, you decide - you decide, you decide - they decide.

Now let’s take as an example the nominal part of speech - a noun day. Let's change it by case (let's take not all, only three): day(nominative), day(genitive), during the day(instrumental), about the day(prepositional). Now for the numbers: day(units) - days(plural).

An adjective, in addition to changing by cases and numbers, can be changed by gender: beautiful table - beautiful furniture - beautiful panel.

Knowing what the form of a word is, we can say that it is in a certain case, refers to a particular declension or conjugation, person or number. Through this concept the word is realized grammatically.

For example, in the sentence The boat set sail from the steep bank word set sail has the past tense, feminine, singular form, therefore it is a verb. At the end we can say that the word is feminine. Now let's look at the word shores. It answers the question what?, therefore it is a noun. In addition, you can determine case (genitive), number (singular), gender (masculine) and declension (second).

Initial form

Another concept in the Russian language is the initial form of a word. This is the fixed grammatical design of the lexeme. This is how it is recorded in dictionaries. It is noteworthy that these characteristics are different for parts of speech.

Noun - nominative case, singular (stump, listener, book, phone, cloud).

Adjective - nominative case, singular, masculine (wooden, oak, tea, magnificent).

The numeral, if cardinal, must be in the nominative case (twenty, six, one hundred forty-one), ordinal, similar to an adjective in the masculine gender - in the singular, nominative case (twentieth, sixth, one hundred forty-first).

The initial form of a pronoun word depends on its category. It is no secret that these parts of speech are divided depending on which part of speech they gravitate towards. Therefore, for noun pronouns this will be the form of the noun, similarly for adjective pronouns and numerals. An exception is a pronoun that does not have a nominative case form: yourself, yourself, yourself.

Verb - infinitive, i.e. an indefinite form in which questions are posed what to do? what to do?: (sew, wash, have, sit down, blow up, smile).

As for participles, their initial form is determined according to the definition. Unfortunately, this is a rather controversial part of speech: some linguists isolate it as a separate part, and then the initial form is singular, nominative case, masculine (dancing). But if you share the point of view of scientists who consider the participle only a form of the verb, then the infinitive must be indicated as the initial form (dance).

What stands apart from everyone else in this matter are the unchangeable parts of speech - the gerund and the adverb. What is the form of a word? This is his change. Accordingly, these words do not have this characteristic: quickly, doubly, ardently, drawing, carried away. A caveat should be made here, as in the previous paragraph: if the gerund is positioned as a verbal form, then its initial form will be an infinitive: drawing - to draw.

Form and cognate word

You should understand what the form of a word is when talking about words with the same root. The latter are formed using word-forming morphemes: prefixes or suffixes. Only the ending is involved in changing the word form.

For example, let's take the word Human. Changing its shape: person - person - person - person - about person. The words differ only in inflections. The lexical meaning is unchanged. Now let's select words with the same root: little man, humanization, humanity. These words already have different lexical meanings and differ from each other by the presence of suffixes and prefixes (humanization).

Special cases

In the Russian language there are special cases called “non-freedom” of forms - this is a phenomenon in which it is impossible to create a completely form-building chain.

For example, by the way poker it is difficult to choose the plural form of an adjective steal it is impossible to form a passive imperfective participle according to the principle draw - drawable. Knowing what the form of a word is and its chain, you will avoid mistakes in this matter.

§ 1 Initial form of words-objects

Both schoolchildren and adults sometimes need to find out how to spell or what a particular word means. For these purposes, scientists have compiled dictionaries. They are different: spelling, explanatory, etymological. Dictionaries contain a huge number of words, which are arranged alphabetically. But that is not all.

Words in dictionaries are always in the initial form. For example, in the text of the exercise we came across the word ABC. We decided to find out the meaning of this word. We opened the Explanatory Dictionary, but couldn’t find the ABC words. But there is another form of this word - ABC, which differs from the desired word in the ending. Let's try to find the word BAGGAGE. There is no such word in the dictionary, but there is another form of this word - BAGGAGE, which also has a different ending. ABC and BAGGAGE are the initial forms of the words ABC and BAGGAGE.

Words are names of objects in the singular that answer the questions: who? What? - these are words in the initial form.

Let's open the Explanatory Dictionary again and see how the word ABC is written:

ABC, -i.

What is this letter and is it after the word? The dictionary shows the first change of the word ABC: there is (what?) alphabet - there is no (what?) alphabet: -i.

Alphabet, alphabet - two different forms. ABC - initial form. The word particles -a, -i are the endings of the words alphabet, alphabet.

So, in the initial form, the words-names of objects are in the singular and answer the questions: who? What?

§ 2 Initial form of words-names of features

Read the sentence: The fox drove the hare out of the bast house.

Let's find the word bast in the Explanatory Dictionary. There is no such word, but there is a form of this word - bast, which answers the question what? and is singular.

The initial form of words-names of characteristics is considered to be the masculine singular form. But after the word lubyana, the endings of the feminine and neuter forms are indicated: -aya, -oe.

Words-names of features, unlike words-names of objects, can vary by gender: bast house, bast hut, bast basket.

Words-names of signs have different endings, as they take different forms: masculine, feminine and neuter. And it is the word-name of the object that dictates what type of word-name of the feature will be.

So, the initial form of words-names of signs is considered to be the masculine singular form.

§ 3 Initial form of words-names of actions

Read the poem:

The fisherman is afraid to go fishing.

Why are you shy?

Tell me, weirdo? -

... Not suitable for the river

Coward Fedot

Since I heard it,

What fish...

Very funny poem! And what makes him funny is the word PIECE. This word has several meanings. Let's find it in the Explanatory Dictionary. Now we know that the words in the dictionary are in the initial form, and we can easily find the form PECK.

This action word answers the question what to do? Consequently, words-names of actions in the initial form answer the questions: what to do? what to do?

So, you should remember that in dictionaries words are arranged alphabetically and are in their initial form. The initial form of the word-name of an object is the singular form, questions who? What? The initial form of the word-name of a feature is the masculine singular form. Words-names of actions in the initial form answer the questions: what to do? what to do?

List of used literature:

Russian language: 2nd grade: Textbook: in 3 hours / N.A. Churakova; edited by M.L. Kalenchuk. – M.: Akademkniga/Textbook, 2012. – Part 1.
Russian language: 2nd grade: Textbook: in 3 hours / M.L. Kalenchuk, O.V. Malakhovskaya, N.A. Churakova – M.: Akademkniga/Textbook, 2012. – Part 2.
Russian language: 2 classes. Methodical manual/M.L. Kalenchuk, O.V. Malakhovskaya, N.A. Churakova – M.: Akademkniga/Textbook, 2012.
Russian language. Notebook for independent work No. 1: 2nd grade/T.A. Baykova, O.V. Malakhovskaya, E.R. Erysheva - M.:Akademkniga/Textbook, 2012.

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